In a perm, what is achieved by wrapping the hair at a 45-degree angle past the perpendicular base?

In a perm, when hair is wrapped at a 45-degree angle past the perpendicular base, it achieves on-base placement. This technique lifts the hair shaft directly off the scalp, creating maximum volume and curl. The 45-degree angle is critical because it positions the rod or roller in a way that allows the hair to sit on the base area, thereby enhancing the lift from the roots.

Understanding this placement is important because it directly affects the resulting style and volume. With on-base placement, the curls tend to be more prominent and can last longer because they originate closer to the scalp, which is where they can absorb heat and develop more effectively during the processing phase. This technique is commonly employed when a stylist wants to create a highly styled and voluminous look.