In perming, what results from wrapping the hair at a 45-degree angle below the perpendicular base?

Wrapping the hair at a 45-degree angle below the perpendicular base results in an off-base curl. This technique places the curl slightly lower on the hair shaft, which creates a more subtle curl or wave. The off-base position tends to result in less volume and a more relaxed look compared to on-base techniques, where the hair is wrapped directly on top of the base (which creates maximum lift).

When hair is wrapped at this angle, it still maintains some curl but allows for more movement and a softer appearance, making it a preferred choice for certain styles. This method is particularly useful for achieving natural-looking results without excess volume. Understanding these different wrapping techniques is essential for a barber to provide a range of looks according to a client's preferences.